In theory, an OS using 64-bit memory addressing can support up to approximately 16EB (exabytes) of memory. That's about 16.7 billion gigabytes.
However, in reality, most 64-bit operating systems aren't designed to use that much RAM. They're generally limited to 100GB or so. That should cover us for a few years at least. For Windows operating systems, the memory limitations can be found here:
http://www.crucial.com/kb/answer.aspx?qid=3743 -- The OSX information on that page is out of date.
For OSX, the latest release (Snow Leopard) can use (in theory) up to 16TB of memory:
http://www.apple.com/server/macosx/technology/sixtyfour-bit.html
With Linux, YMMV, but on a 64-bit platform it should support at least 12GB with no trouble at all.
So, to answer your implied question: Pretty much any 64-bit OS you buy is going to support 12GB of RAM except for some of the hobbled "inexpensive" versions of Windows Vista (namely Home Basic).