I'd forget USB, the USB cable for it has quite a sizable lump in the end which is probably a USB to serial converter.
Many PLCs use RS485 for the programming port, so you may need a converter of some sort either way.
I'd start by making a 'break-out' cable from the PLC connector to eg. a bit of 'chocolate bloc' screw terminal strip.
Does any pin have a 5V or 3.3V supply on it to ground? That could be to supply active electronics in a cable.
See if the voltage changes if you add a 1K resistor to ground. That will not do any harm, but will cause the voltage to drop a bit on any pins driven from ICs rather than direct power.
if it drops to near 0V, it's an input pin with a pullup resistor.
You can also try linking the 5V (or 3.3v?) pin to each other pin via 1K and again see if the pin voltage changes slightly (= output) or a lot (= input).
If it has the capability for direct connection to a com port, the data input would go through a resistor or two (divider & possibly clamp diodes) to limit the RS232 +/- 12V levels down the 5V or 3.3V internal logic.
Once you are sure which are inputs & outputs, try connecting basic RS232 with just ground and RXD/TXD. Connect TX from the pc to an input that has protection resistors (Pin 3 sounds promising), and the RX back to the PC to each other pin in turn.
You presumably have the comms software for it.